சங்க இலக்கியம் கட்டுரை

rq;fg; ngz;ghw; Gyth; ghly;fspy; kf;fSk; tho;Tk;

-    e.KUNfrghz;bad;   

    gz;ilj;jkpohpd; tho;f;ifapid mwpe;Jnfhs;sg; gpd;Gykhf tpsq;Fk; rq;f ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ fp.K.300 Kjy; fp.gp.200 tiuapyhd fhyfl;lk; vd;gJ nghJthd fUj;J. ‘tl Ntq;flk; njd;Fkhp Mapilj; jkpo; $W ey;Yyfk;’ vd;W nkhop mbg;gilapy; gdk;gudhh; tiuaWj;Js;s epyg;gug;G murpay; Nehf;fKilaJ. jkpo; nkhopahdJ gue;Jgl;l epyg;gug;Gld; milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; %yk; rq;ffhyj; jkpohpd; Goq;F ntspahdJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpohpd; md;whl tho;f;if rhh;e;j epykhdJ Ie;jpizahfg; ghFgLj;jg;gl;ljd; topahf epyk; nkhopapd; %yk; jkpo;r; rKjhaj;jpd; nghJ epidtpDf;Fs; jftikf;Fk; Kaw;rp ele;NjwpaJ. gue;Jgl;l epyg;gug;gpdpy; gy;NtW ,df;FOf;fshfTk;> FbfshfTk; NtWgl;bUe;j kf;fisj; jkpo; vd;w nkhop milahsk; xUq;fpizj;jJ. ,aw;ifahd epyg;gug;ghdJ. nkhopapd; topNa epidTfshf cUkhwp> fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ehlhf khw;wk; ngWk; murpay; eilngw;wJ. ,df;FOthf tho;e;J te;j kf;fspd; ghuk;ghpakhd> rlq;Ffs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> gypfs;> tpyf;Ffs; Nghd;wtw;iwr; rpijj;Jtpl;Lg; GjpaNjhh; tho;f;;ifKiwia thoNtz;ba Njitiag; Gjpa murpay; epiyikfs; typAWj;jpd. ,df;FOj;jiytd; FWepy kd;duhf khwpg; gpd;dh; Nte;jdhf tsh;r;rpaile;jJ murpay; Nkyhjpf;fk; rhh;e;jJ. Nghhpdhy; nty;yg;gl;l epyg;gug;ghdJ> ,d;ndhU ehl;Lld; ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ Gjpa gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gl;ld. ‘ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsphp’ vd;w G+q;Fd;wdpd; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;> Nghhpdhy; Njhw;Wg;Nghd FOtpdUf;Fj; NjWjy; nrhy;tjw;fhfg; ghlg;ngw;wJ vdf; fUj ,lKz;L.

     mfk;> Gwk; vd ,U vjphpizfs; %yk; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;s rq;f ,yf;fpag; gpujpahdJ> Vw;fdNt jkpofj;jpy; epytpa jha;topr; r%f mikg;gpd; rpijtpDf;Fg; gpd;dh; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; jha;topr; r%f mikg;gpd; vr;rq;fs; Vw;wj;jho;thd jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; tof;fpdpy; ,Ue;jd. Fb> fzk;> kd;gij vd;W milahsggLj;jg;gLk; xU FOtpy;> Mz; kl;Lk; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;lhd;. mftho;tpy; fhjy; %yk; ngz;iz miltJk;> Gw tho;tpy; Nghh;%yk; epyj;ij nty;tJk;> Mzpd; ,yf;fzkhfg; Gidag;gl;ld. td;Kiw%yk; gpw ,df;FOf;fspd; epyg;gug;igf; ifg;gw;WtJk;> Mzpd; Nkyhjpf;fKk; r%f tsh;r;rpiaj; Jhpjg;gLj;jpd. Gwepiyapy; epykhdJ Nghhpd; %yk; MZf;fhd Ja;g;G epykhf khWfpd;wJ. mfepiyapy; ngz;Zld; MZf;fhd Ja;g;G ikakhfpd;wJ. epyKk; ngz;Zk; Mzpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fl;gl;lit vd;w fUj;jpaiyr; rq;f,yf;fpag; gpujpfs; El;gkhfg; gjpT nra;Js;sd.

     rq;ffhyj;jpy; epyTilikr; rKjhak; Vw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. czTf;fhfr; Nrh;e;J Ntl;ilahLjy; vd;w epiyapypUe;J rpy ,df;FOtpdh; khw;wkile;jpUe;jdh;. fhl;il vhpj;J Ntshz;ik nra;jy;> fhy;eil tsh;j;jy; fhuzkhf tho;f;ifKiw khw;wk; mile;jJ. epyj;jpYk; mjd; cghp tUthapYk; jdpAilikiag; NgZk; Gjpa murpay; epiyik Vw;gl;lJ. ,df;FOr; r%f cwTKiwfs; rpijtile;J> th;f;fr; r%f cwTfshf khw;wk; ngw;w epiyapy;> gpwg;G topahf te;j mjpfhu Ml;rpf;F chpik ngw;w kd;duhl;rp Kiw tYtile;jJ. ,d;ndhUGwk; gy;NtW ,d;fFOf;fspd; jdpj;jd;ikfs; Nghhpd;%yk; mopf;fg;gl;Lg; NguuR Njhd;Wtjw;fhd rhj;jpag;ghLfs; epytpd. ,df;FOj;jiytd;> FWepy kd;dd;> Nte;jd; Nghd;Nwhiug; ghprpy; ngWtjw;fhfg; ghzh;fSk; Gyth;fSk; ghba ghly;fs; r%f khw;wj;jpidj; Jhpjg;gLj;jpd; Gwg;ghly;fs; cUthapd. rq;fg;ngz; Gyth;fs; gjpthf;fpAs;s kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw nghpJk; ghzh; kuG rhh;e;J gjpthfpAs;sd.

     rq;f ,yf;fpag; gpujpfs; Kd;dpWj;j my;yJ fl;likf;f tpUk;Gk; ngz; gw;wpa gpk;gk; Ma;tpw;FhpaJ. rq;ffhyg; ngz;> jhd; tpUk;gpa Mizj; Njh;e;njLj;J> mtDld; ghYwT nfhs;Sk; jdpj;j ,ay;Gilats;. jpUkzj;jpw;F Ke;ija fhyfl;lj;jpy; fhjyh; ghYwT nfhs;tij ,ay;ghff; fUjpr; r%fk; mq;fPfhpj;jJ. ghypay; kpf ,aw;ifahdjhff; fUjg;gl;l #oypy;> rpw;wpd;gk;> Gyd;fis kWj;jy; Nghd;w Ngr;RfSf;F mwNt ,lkpy;iy. vdpDk; Gw tho;f;ifapy; ngz; gw;wpa gy;NtW GidTfisAk; tiuaiwfisAk; Kd;itg;gjd; %yk; rq;f ,yf;fpag;gpujpfs; typAWj;Jk; fUj;jpay;fs;> Ez; murpay; rhh;e;jit.

     FLk;gk; vd;w r%f epWtdj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpy; ngz;zpd; ,lk; Kjd;ikahdJ. rKjhaj;jpy;  FLk;gk; vd;gJ ngz;iz ikakpl;l rpwpa myF vdpDk;> mJ fUj;jpay;hPjpapy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ. Mzpd; r%f cilikf;F thhpR cUthf;fplTk;> ,df;FOr; r%f mikg;igf; fl;bf; fhg;ghw;wTk; ngz;zpd; J}a cly; gw;wpa fUj;J njhlh;e;J typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. Fbg;ngUikiaf; nfhz;lhLk; r%f mikg;gpy;> cwtpdh; njhlh;ig tpl> jhd; rhh;e;J thOk; FbapdUldhd tho;f;ifia Kjd;ikahff; fUJk; #o;epiyiaf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ngz;izf; FLk;g epWtdj;jpw;Fs; ,izj;J mtSila xt;nthU nraw;ghl;ilAk; tiuaWj;jpl md;iwa r%fr;#oy; mOj;jkhf Kad;wJ. fw;G gw;wpa GidTk;> gphpe;J Nghd fztDf;fhfg; nghWikAld; tPl;by; ngz; fhj;jpUj;jy; Nghd;wit Gjpa tifg;gl;l Nghf;fpid typAWj;Jfpd;wd. ngz;zpd; jdpg;gl;l kdTzh;T> tpUg;GntWg;G> ghypay; Ntl;if Nghd;wtw;iwr; rpijj;J mtis ntWk; clyhff; FWf;fp> Mzpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpDf;Nfw;g khw;Wk; Kaw;rpia rq;f ,yf;fpag; gpujpfs; El;gkhf epiwNtw;wpAs;sd.

     rq;fg; ngz;ftpQh;fs; fhjy; czh;TfisAk; fhkNtl;ifiaAk; kdj;jilfsw;Wf; ftpijfshf;fpAs;sdh;. Mz; Nkyhjpf;fr; r%fj;jpy; Mjpfhuj;jpd; MSiff;Nfw;g vy;yh epiyfspYk; ngz; xLf;fg;gl;lhYk;> mtSila vjph;f;FuYk; jdpj;JtKk; ftpijfspy; gjpthfpAs;sd.

     nts;sp tPjpahhpd; fhkk; gw;wpa kdg;gjpTfs; thrpg;gpy; cUf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. “thdj;jpy; jpq;fs; xsph;fpd;wJ; fly; miy fiuapy; NkhJfpwJ; md;wpy; gwit gidku cr;rpapypUe;J fj;JfpwJ; ahkj;jpYk; aho; kPl;lg;gLfpwJ; ,it vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl fhkj;ijf; fisAk; jiytd; mUfpy; ,y;iyNa> (ew;wpiz 385). ,k;kdepiy jha;topr; r%fj;jpd; vr;rkhFk;.  

     fhjy; tag;gl;l mfg;ghly;fspy; ntspg;gLk; ngz; gw;wpa gpk;gk; ehlfpaj;jd;ikAilaJ. vdpDk; ‘cd;Dld; ehd; Cly; nfhs;tjw;F eP vdf;F vd;d cwT? vdf; Nfl;Fk; ms;Sh; ed;Ky;iyahh; ‘eP mtsplk; nry;f cd;idj; jLg;gth; ahh;? vd ntWg;Gld; nrhy;tJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. fhjyd; my;yJ fztd; NtW ngz;Zld; cwT itj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk; jLf;ftpayhj #oiyg; ghly; thpfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

     gz;ilj; jkpoh; tPuj;jpd; milahsk; GwehD}W vd cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s fUj;J> Ez; murpay; rhh;e;jJ. Gutyh;-Gyth; vd;w cwtpdpy;> Nte;jhpd; tPuj;ijg; Gfo;e;J ghlg;gl;l rq;fg; Gwg;ghly;fs; tPuAff; fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jit vd;w f. ifyhrgjpapd; fUj;J Vw;GilaJ. Nghh;> NghUf;Fg; gpd;dh; fs;> czT vdf; nfhz;lhl;lj;ij Kd;dpWj;Jk; Gwg;ghly;fs; nghpJk; Mzpd; tPuj;ij ikakpl;Lg; Gidag;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;epiyapy; tPl;by; ,Uj;jNy ngz;zpd; ,Ug;G vd;w newp tFf;fg;gl;l #oypy;> ngz;fspd; epiyiaf; fz;lwpa Ntz;bAs;sJ.

     ngz;Zly; xg;gPl;lstpy; nghpJk; ,aw;ifAld; njhlh;GilaJ. ghY}l;b vd;w epiyapy;> jdJ Foe;ijfSld; md;G nrYj;Jk; ngz;> fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jd;idr; Rw;wp xU FOit cUthf;Fk; Mw;wy;kpf;fts;. td;Kiw vd;gJ xUNghJk; ngz;Zf;Fj; Njitaw;wJ. tsh;r;rpaile;j Mz;> jdJ jhiatpl;Lg; gphpe;J> Nghhpd; %yk; vjph;f;FOtpdiu moj;njhopj;J mjpfhuk; nrYj;j KaYfpwhd;. Mzpd; ,ay;G tPuk;> kwk; vd cUthf;fg;gLk; Gjpa nrhy;yhlypy;> ngz;zpd; r%f ,Ug;G> ntWkNd gjpypahf khWfpd;wJ. r%fr; nraw;ghl;by;> ngz;Zliy ,uz;lhk; jug;gLj;j KaYtJ njhlh;e;J eilngw;wJ. ngz; vd;gts; nky;ypauhf> klkfshfr; rpj;jphpf;fg;gLtJ ,d;W tiu njhlh;tJ tpNehjk; jhd;.

     ngz; G+g;giltjpypUe;J KOikahdts; vd;w fUj;J rq;f,yf;fpag; gpujpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ngz; Foe;ij gw;wpa rpWFwpg;Gf; $lr; rq;f,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. fd;dpg;ngz;> FLk;gj;jiytp> guj;ij> tpjit vd; cly;hPjpahfg; ngz;iz mZfpLk; Nghf;F rq;ffhyj;jpy; epytpaJ. ngz;zpd; jdpj;jpaq;Fk; Mw;wiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp mtis KOf;f Mizr; rhh;e;J ,aq;Fk; #oy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Mzpd; clikahdJ> guk;giuahf kfDf;Fr; NruNtz;Lnkd;w Mz; ikag;Nghf;fpd; tpisT> ngz;zpd; epiyiaj; jPh;khdpj;jJ.

     Nghh; vd;gJ MZf;Fhpajhf KOf;f khwptpl;l #oypy;> jhq;fs; thOk; r%fj;jpdiuf; fhj;jplTk;> FWepy kd;dh;fspd; eyDf;fhfg; Nghhpy; <LgLtjw;fhf Mz; FOe;ijfisg; ngw;Wj; jUtJ ngz;fspd; flikahfg; GwehD}W rpj;jphpj;Js;sJ. Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; kfd; ,we;jhYk; mijf; Fwpj;Jg; ngUkpjk; miltJjhd; tPuj;jhapd; rpwg;ngdf; fUjg;gl;lJ.

    

     “kPd; cz; nfhf;fpd; J}tp md;d

     thy;eiuf; $e;jy; KjpNahs; rpWtd;

     fspW vwpe;J gl;ldd;” vd;Dk; ctif

     <d;w Qhd;wpDk; nghpNj! fz;zPh;

     Nehd;fio Jay;tUk; ntjpuj;J

     thd;ngaj; J}q;fpa rpjhpDk; gyNt!    (GwehD}W:gh.277).

G+q;fz; cj;jpiuah; tPuk; Fwpj;j Giditj; jdJ ghlypy; fl;likj;Js;shh;. nfhf;fpd; nky;ypa ,wF Nghd;w eiuj;j $e;jYila tajhd jhapd; ,isa kfd;> Nghhpy; vjph;j;J te;j ahidiaf; nfhd;Wtpl;L> mtDk; ,we;J tpl;lhd;. ,r;nra;jpiaf; Nfl;lTld;> mtidg; ngw;wNghJ mile;j kfpo;r;rpf;Fk; Nkyhfj; jha; kfpo;e;jhs;; fz;zPh; cFj;jhs;. ,g;ghlypy;> jha;f;Fk; kfDf;Fkhd FUjpj; njhlh;gpid tpl> murpay; cwT Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. kfdpd; ,wg;G jUk; typia tpl> tPukhd kuzk; Fwpj;Jj; jha; kfpo Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nghjid ghlypd; topNa ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ.

     ‘nfLf rpe;ij fbJ ,ts; JzpNt’ vdj; njhlq;Fk; xf;$h; khrhj;jpahh; ghly; (Gwk;:279) jha;’ gw;wpa Gjpa gpk;gj;ijf; fl;likj;Js;sJ. ngz; vd;w epiyapy; ,og;gpd; Ntjidiag; nghUl;gLj;jhky;> r%jhaj;jpw;fhf tho;fpd;wts; ‘%jpd; kfspuhjy;’ epiyia milfpd;whs;. ,Jtiu eilngw;w Nghh;fspy; mtSila je;ij> fztd; tPuj;Jld; Nghhpl;L kbe;J tpl;ldh;. ,d;W Nghh; KuR xypg;gijf; Nfl;ltld;> jdJ xNu kfdhd rpWtidg; NghUf;F Maj;jkhf;fpf; ifapy; Ntiyf; nfhLj;Jr; ‘nrUKfk; Nehf;fpr; nry;f’ vd MizapLfpwhs;.

     Nghhpy; jd;id vjph;j;J te;j ahidiaf; nfhd;W ,we;jthpd; jha; mtidg;; ngw;w fhyj;jpYk;> nghpJk; kfpo;e;jtsha;f; fz;zPh; ngUf;fpdhs;. kfdpd; ,og;igtpl mtdJ tPur;nray; je;j ngUkpjk; fhuzkhf kfpo;r;rpailtJjhd; jha;f;F kfpo;r;rpjUk; vd;gJ Ez;zurpay; rhh;e;jJ.

     euk;G vOe;J cywpa epuk;g nkd;Njhs;

     Kshp kUq;fpd; KjpNahs; rpWtd;

     gil moe;J khwpdd; vd;W gyh;$w

     kz;L mkh;f;F cile;jdd; Mapd; cz;lvd;

     Kiy mWj;jpLntd;> ahd;vdr; rpid,f;

     nfhz;l thnshL gLgpzk; ngauhr;

     nrq;fsk; JOTNths; rpije;J Ntwhfpa

     gLkfd; fplf;if fhZ}c

     <d;w Qhd;wpDk; nghpJ cte;jdNs!    (GwehD}W: 278)

Nghh;f;fsj;jpypUe;J jdJ kfd; Xbg;Nghdhd; vd;gijf; Nfs;tpg;gl;l jha; kdtUj;jk; mile;jhs;. ifapy; this Ve;jp Nghh;f;fskile;j mts;> jdJ kfd; GwKJfpl;Lr; nrd;wpUe;jhy; mtDf;F ghy; nfhLj;j Kiyfis mWj;njwpNtd;> vdr; #Siuj;jhs;. khh;gpy; tpOg;Gz;Zld; nrq;FUjpg;gbe;J rpije;J fple;j kfdpd; gpzj;ijf; fz;lTld; mtsile;j kfpo;r;rp> mtidg; ngw;nwLj;j fhyj;jpYk; nghpjhf tpsq;fpaJ.

     ,df;FOtpd; eyd; my;yJ FWepy kd;dhpd; epy tphpthf;fk; my;yJ Nte;jdpd; murpay; Nkyhjpf;fk; fhuzkhf eilngw;w Nghhpy; jha;-kfd; cwT gw;wpa kjpg;gPl;bidf; fhf;ifg;ghbdpahh; gjpthf;fpAs;shh;. NghUf;fhf Mizg; ngw;Wj; je;J tpl;L> xJf;fpapUg;gJ ngz;zpd; ,ay;gy;y vdg; Nghjpf;Fk; ghly;> kfdpd; tPur; nraYf;fhf kfpo;tJjhd; jhapd; ,ay;G vdg; Gjpa newp tFj;Js;sJ.

     Nghh;f;;fsj;jpy; Nghuhba tPuidg; gifth;fs; jhf;fpf; nfhd;wdh;. tPukuzk; mile;jtDila jha; mtDila tPur;nray; Fwpj;J kpfTk; kfpo;r;rp mile;jhs;. mg;NghJ mtSila tw;wpa Kiyfspy; ghy; Cwpr; Rue;jd vd (GwehD}W.295)  tPuj;ijg; Nghw;wpAs;shh; xsitahh;.

     ‘Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; tPu kuzk;’ vd;w tPug;GidT %yk; ngz; ngUikg;gl;Lf; nfhs;syhk; vd;gJ Gwk; rpj;jphpf;f tpioAk; FLk;g cwtpy; Kf;fpakhd nra;jp. Nkyhjpf;fk; my;yJ epyk; fhuzkhf eilngWk; FUjp rpe;Jk; murpayp;y; MZly;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. ngw;w Foe;ijapd; kPJ ghrk; itj;jpUf;Fk; ngz;zpd; ,ay;igr; rpijj;Jtpl;Lg; Gjpa tifg;gl;l Ngr;Rfisg; Gwg;ghly;fs; cUthf;fpl tioe;Js;sd. ,we;j kfDf;fhf mOJ Gyk;Gtijtpl> mtdpd; tPuj;jpDf;fhf kfpo;tJ NkyhdJ vd;w fUj;jpay; ngz; ftpQh;fspd; ftpijfspYk; ntspg;gl;Ls;sd. Nghh; Kd;dpiyg;gLjjg;gl;Ls;s Mz; Nkyhjpf;fr; r%f murpaypy; ngz;fs; ntWkNdg; ghh;itahsh;fshf khwptpl;l epiyiag; ghly;fs; rpj;jphpj;Js;sd.

     “<d;W Gwe;jUjy; vd;jiyf; flNd

     rhd;Nwhd; Mf;Fjy; je;ijf;Ff; flNd

     Nty; tbj;Jf; nfhLj;jy; nfhy;yw;Ff; flNd

     ed;eil ey;fy; Nte;jw;Ff; flNd

     xspWths; mUQ;rkk; cUf;fpf;

     fspW vwpe;J ngah;jy; fhisf;Ff; flNd     (GwehD}W:312)

Gjy;tidg; ngWjy; kl;Lk; jhahfpa ngz;zpd; fld; vdj; njhlq;Fk; nghd;Kbahhpd; ghly;> je;ij> nfhy;yd;> Nte;jd; Nghd;Nwhh; tPudhf cUkhWfpd;w ,isQdpd; tho;f;ifapy; tfpf;Fk; gq;F gw;wp tpthpj;Js;sJ. ahidia vjph;f;Fk; Mw;wYld; NghhpLtJ ,isQdpd; fld; vd;w ghly; thp> tPuk; gw;wpa Giditf; fl;likf;f KaYfpwJ. FLk;gj;ijtpl Nte;jDf;fhfr; nra;fpd;w Nghh; Kjd;ikahdJ vd;w fUj;J nghd;Kbahhpd; ghlypy; ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ.

     rpw;wpy; ey;J}z;gw;wp epd;kfd;

     ahz;L csNdh vd; tpiTjp vd; kfd;

     ahz;L csd; MapDk; mwpNad;> XUk;

     GypNrh;e;J Nghfpa fy;mis Nghy;

     <d;w tapNwh ,JNt!

     Njhd;Wtd; khNjh! Nghh;f;fsj; jhNd!  (GwehD}W: 86)

jdJ kfidg; gw;wpf Nfl;gtdplk;> “mtd; vq;Nf ,Ug;ghd; vd;gij ehdwpNad;. kiyf;Fifapy; gJq;fpf; fple;J gpd;dh;> ntspNa nry;Yk; Gypiag; Nghd;W mtisg; ngw;w tapW ,JNt. mtd; Njhd;WtJ Nghh;f;fsNk” vd;W ngUkpj czh;Tld; jha; nrhy;fpwhs;. kfd; Gyp Nghd;wtd; vd;gJk; mtd; Nghh;f;fsj;jp;y; jhd; ,Ug;ghd; vdr; nrhy;tJk; tPuj;ijg; Nghw;WtJ kl;Lky;y; md;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; jha;f;Fk; kfDf;Fkhd cwtpd; ntspg;ghL.

     <d;W Gwe;jUjy; vd;Dila Kjy; flik (GwehD}W 312) vd;w nghd;Kbahhpd; thpahdJ r%fj;jpy; ngz;zpd; epiyia milahsg;gLj;JfpwJ.

     ngz;fs;> jhq;fs; thOfpd;w rKjhaj;jpd; eyDf;fhfTk; FWepy kd;dh;fspd; Mjpf;f murpayhd Nghh;fspy; tPuj;Jld; nray;gLtjw;fhf Mz; Foe;ijfisg; ngw;Wj; jUtJld;> mth;fs; nfhy;yg;gLk;NghJ> ngUkpjk; miltJjhd; rpwg;G vd rq;f,yf;fpag; gpujpfs; Gide;Jiuf;fpd;wd. jha;f;Fk; kfDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd neUf;fkhd cwtpid murpaypd; ngauhy; rpijj;Jg; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; kfd; ,we;jhYk; mjid tPunkdg; Nghw;wpLk; nghJg;Gj;jpia cUthf;fplg; ngz;Gyth;fspd; ghly;fs; Kad;Ws;sd. ,df;FOf;fspilNa eilngw;w rz;ilapy; khz;l my;yJ FWepykd;dh;fSf;F ,ilNa Nghhpy; nfhy;yg;gl;l epiyapidj; jkpoh; tPunkdg; Nghw;WtJ rhpjhdh vd; Nahrpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. Vnddpy; Nghhpy; NkhJfpd;w ,UtUNk jkpoh;fs;jhd;.

     Fb> fzk;> kd;gij vd;W milahsg;gLJjg;gLk; ,df;FOtpy; ngz;Zf;fhd ,lk jdpj;JtkhdJ. Xj;j fUj;Jila ,sk;ngz;Zk;> ,isQDk; fhjy; nfhs;tJ ,aw;if vdf; fUjg;gl;lJ. kfl;ghw;fhQ;rp ghly;fs; Gjpa Nghf;fpid typAWj;Jfpd;wd. Nghh;fspd;%yk; epyg;gug;igf; ifafg;gLj;jpa FWepy; kd;dh;fs; mjpfhuj;Jld; tpsq;fpdhYk; Vw;fdNt ghuk;ghpakhf thOk; ,df;FOtpdUld; Kuz;gLk; epiyia kfl;ghw;fhQ;rp ghly;fs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

     xU ngz; NghUf;Fr; nrd;w fztd; ntw;wpAld;; jpUk;gp tuNtz;Lk; vd eLfy;iyj; njhOJ tzq;fpdhs;.

     fspW nghuf; fyq;F foy;Ks; Ntyp

     mhpJcz; $ty; mq;Fbr; rPWh;

     xypnkd; $e;jy; xz;Zjy; mhpit

     eLfy; ifnjhOJ guTk;> xbahJ

     ... ... ....                           (GwehD}W: 306)

Nghhpd; fhuzkhf kwf;Fy kfsph;f;F Vw;gLk; kdepiyia %jpd;Ky;iy Jiwg; ghly;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. md;iwa r%ftho;tpy; Nghh; jtph;f;f KbahjjJ vd;w epiyapy;> jd;Dila fztd; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; nty;y Ntz;Lk; vd Ntz;Ltijj; jtpug; ngz;Zf;F NtW top vJTkpy;iy vd; ms;SH ed;Ky;iyahh; ghly; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.

     Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; fhakile;j tPuidf; fhg;ghw;Wk;tifapy; Gz;fSf;F kUe;jpl;Lf; fhg;ghw;wg; ngz;fs; Kad;wJ ghlypy; gjpthfpAs;sJ (Gwk;:283)

     Nghhpy; khz;l kd;dd;> ,df;FOtpDf;fhf capiuj;Jwe;j tPuDf;fhf elg;gl;l eLfy;fSf;F topahL vdg; ngz; ftpQh;fs; ifaWepiyapy; ghbAs;sdh;. vdpDk; nrhe;j cwtpdh; khz;ljw;F tUe;jpg; ghly;fs; vJTk; ghltpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

     Nghhpd; NghJ Mz; milAk; kuzk; tPuk; kpf;fjhff; fUjg;gl;l rq;ffhyj;jpy; ngz; ,og;gpd; fhuzkhf Mz; milAk; kdNtjid Jaukhd nkhopapy; ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ. jdpkdpj ,og;G Vw;gLj;Jk; typfs; Mokhdit.

     ahq;Fg; nghpJ MapDk; Neha; msT vidj;Nj

     caph; nrUf; fy;yh kJifj;J md;ikapd;

     fs;sp Nghfpa fspak; gwe;jiy

     ntsspilg; nghj;jpa tpis tpwF <kj;J

     xs;sow; gs;spg; ghay; Nrh;j;jp

     Qhq;fh; kha;e;jds; kle;ij

     ,d;Dk; tho;ty; ,jd;gz;Ng!    (GwehD}W:245)

“fs;spr;nrb epiwe;j RLfhl;by;> vhpAk; neUg;gpy;> tpwFg; gLf;ifapy; md;gpw;Fhpatisf; fplj;jptpl;L ,d;Dk; vd; capiug; Nghf;fpf; nfhs;shJ caph; tho;fpd;Nwd;” vdg; Gyk;Gk; Mzpd; Fuy; ngz; gw;wpa r%f kjpg;gPlhFk;. Mz; Jauj;jhy; mokhl;lhd; vd;w Giditj; jfh;j;Jg; Gidag;gl;Ls;s Nrukhd; Nfhl;lk;gyj;Jj; JQ;rpa khf;Nfhijapd; ghly; thpfs;> ngz;izg; Nghw;Wtjhf mike;Js;sd.

     rq;fg;ghly;fspy; fztid ,oe;j ngz;zpd; mtyepiy gw;wpa gjpTfs; Kf;fpakhdit. FLk;g epWtdj;jpy; fztdhd Mzpd; ,og;G> ngz;zpd; ,Ug;gpidr; rpijTf;Fs;shf;FfpwJ.

     ... ... ... ...

     fho;Nghy; ey;tpsh; eWnea; jPz;lhJ

     mil,ilf; fple;j ifgpop gz;lk;

     nts;vs; rhe;njhL Gspg;nga;J ml;l

     Ntisnte;ij ty;rp Mfg;

     guw;nga; gs;spg; gha;,d;W tjpAk;

     caty; ngz;bNuk; my;N;yk; khNjh         

     ... ... ...                      (GwehD}W:246)

ePh;r;Nrhw;Wj; jpul;rpNahL vs;Sk; GspAk; Nrh;j;Jr; rikf;fg;gl;L NtisapiyAk; Ntf itj;J czthff;nfhz;L> gLf;fg; gha; ,y;yhky; ifk;ik Nehd;G Nehw;W tUe;Jk; epiyiatpl ,wj;jy; NkyhdJ vd xU ngz; tUe;Jfpwhs;. fztd; ,we;jTld; ngz;zpd; r%f,Ug;G Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lepiyapy;> mts; vjph;nfhs;Sk; r%fmtyk; Fwpj;j ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;Ltpd; ftpij thpfs; mOj;jkhd r%fg; gjpTfs;. jiykapiuf; fise;J> my;yp mhprpia cz;L> mzpfyd;fis ,oe;J> ifk;ik Nehd;G nfhz;L tho;jy; ,ayhJ vdf; fztd; kuzg;gLf;ifapy; caph; Jwf;Fk; epiyapidf; $Wfpd;w khNwhf;fj;J eg;griyahhpd; ngz; gw;wpa gjpTfs;> md;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; ngz;zpd; epiyiar; rpj;jphpf;fpd;wJ (Gwk;:280)

     ghhp kd;did ,oe;j mtsJ Gjy;tpah; ghbAs;s ghlypy; Jauk; jJk;Gfpd;wJ. murpay; fhuzkhf Mz;fSf;fpilapy; eilngWk; Nghh;fspy;> nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gLtJ ngz;fs;jhd;. ntw;wpngw;w kd;dh;> vjphp ehl;Lg; ngz;fisf; fth;e;Jte;J> nfhz;b kfspuhf;fpj; Jd;GWj;JtJ eilngw;Ws;sJ. ,d;ndhUGwk; neUq;fpa cwtpdh;fs; ,oe;jgpd;dh;> ,Jtiu tho;e;jte;j tskhd tho;f;ifAk; rpijtile;jepiyapy;> czTf;Ff;$l rpukg;gLk; #oy; Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L. nghUSk; mjpfhuKk; kpf;f neUq;fpa Mz; cwtpdhpd; kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ngz; milAk; kdNtjidahdJ ,d;wsTk; njhlh;fpd;wJ.

    

mw;iwj;jpq;fs; mt;ntz;zpytp;y;

ve;ijAk; cilNak; vk;Fd;Wk; gpwh;nfhshh;

,w;iwj;jpq;fs; ,t;ntz;zpytpy;

ntd;nwwp Kurpd; Nte;jh;vk;

Fd;Wk; nfhz;lhh;; ahk; ve;ijAk; ,yNk     (GwehD}W:112)

     tskhd tho;f;iff;Ff; FwpaPlhd gwk;GkiyahdJ %Nte;juhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l epiyapy;> ghhpkd;dhpd; ,og;G Vw;gLj;Jk; typiaf; fz;zPUld; ghbAs;s ghly; thpfspy; Jauk; frpfpd;wJ. r%f kjPg;gPl;by; Mz;fspd; epiy Fwpj;j xsitahhpd; ghly; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

     ehlh nfhd;Nwh; fhlh nfhd;Nwh

     mtyh nfhd;Nwh kpirah nfhd;Nwh

     vt;top ey;yth;: Mlth;

     mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd   (GwehD}W:187)

Mlth; ey;ytuhf tpsq;Fkplj;jpy; epyKk; ed;Kiwapy; tpsq;Fk; vd;w xsitahhpd; fUj;J Mz; gw;wpa kjpg;gPl;il cUthf;FfpwJ. td;KiwAk; Mjpf;fKk;kpf;f murpaiy Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yk; Mz;fspy; cyfk; gw;wpa xsitahhpd; kjpg;gPL> ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;Jf;Fk; nghUj;jkhf cs;sJ.

     gz;ilj; jkpohpd; gz;ghL> ehfhpfk; Fwpj;Jg; ngz; ftpQh;fs; rpj;jphpj;Js;s gjpTfளில் Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

Ø  epyKk; ngz;Zk; Mzpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fl;gl;lit

Ø  tPuk;> kwk; Nghd;wit MZf;fhdjhf Kd;dpWj;jg;gl;l epiyapy;> tPl;bypUj;jy; ngz;Zf;fhdJ vd tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

Ø  ngz;zpd; r%f ,Ug;igg; gjpypahf;Fk; epiyapy; ,uz;lhk; jug;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ø  NghUf;fhf Mz;Foe;ijfisg; ngw;Wj; jUtjd; %yk; ngz; ngUkpjk; mila Ntz;Lk;

Ø  Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; jdJ Mz;Foe;ij GwKJfplhky; Nghhpl;L kbe;jJ Fwpj;J kfpo;r;rpaile;J ngz; fz;zPh; cFf;fpd;whs;

Ø  jha;f;Fk; kfDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd neUf;fkhd cwtpidr; rpijj;J> kfidg; gwpnfhLj;jy; ngUkpjk; vd;w murpay; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ø  ngz;zpd; RatpUg;G ntWg;G Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l epiyia kfl;ghw;fhQ;rp ghly;fs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

Ø  NghUf;Fr; nrd;w fztd; ntw;wpAld; jpUk;g Ntz;Lk; vd topgLtijj; jtpug; ngz;Zf;F NtW topapy;iy.

Ø  ,we;j kidtp Fwpj;J tUe;Jk; fztd; kdepiy xU ghlypy; gjpthfpAs;sJ.

Ø  fztid ,oe;j ngz;zpd; r%f tho;f;if mtykhdjhf cs;sJ.

Ø  ifk;ngz; tho;f;ifia tpl ,we;j fztDld; Nrh;e;J kbtJ Nky; vdg; ngz;fs; fUJksT md;iwa #oy; epytpaJ.

Ø  Nghhpd; fhuzkhfg; ngw;Nwhh;> fztd; vd neUq;fpa cwtpdh; ,og;G xUGwk; vdpy;> nghUshjhu tho;f;ifAk; rPuopfpd;wJ.

mf ,yf;fpak; fhl;Lk; ngz;zpypUe;J Gwg;ghly;fs; rpj;jphpf;Fk; ngz; KOf;f khWgl;L tpsq;Ffpwhs;. ngz;zpd; jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; Mw;wy; kWf;fg;gl;L> Miz ikakpl;ljhf khWk; epiyapy; ngz;Zf;nfdj; jdpj;j milahsk; vJTkpy;iy vdg; ngz; ftpQh;fspd; ghly;fs; gjpthf;fpAs;sd.

                  cjtpa E}y;fs;

1.   ,uhkRg;gpukzpad;.t.j.(c-M).GwehD}W. nrd;id: jpUkfs; epiyak;>2008.

2.   mofk;ik.Nf.gp>r%f Nehf;fpy; rq;fkfsph; nrd;id:kzpthrfh;      

gjpg;gfk;>2001)

3. uh[;nfsjkd;. ghl;Lk; njhifAk; njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpo;r; r%f   cUthf;fKk;. nrd;id: jkpopdp gjpg;gfk;>2006.